@inbook {23310,
	title = {Emerging Urban Dynamics and Labor Market Change: An Agent-Based Simulation of Recovery from a Disaster},
	booktitle = {Resilience and Urban Disasters},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar},
	organization = {Edward Elgar},
	url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/resilience-and-urban-disasters},
	author = {Grinberger, Asher Y. and Felsenstein, Daniel}
}
@article {23311,
	title = {Dynamic Integrated Model for Disaster Management and Socio-Economic Analysis (DIM2SEA)},
	journal = {Journal of Disaster Research},
	volume = {13},
	number = {7},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1257-1271},
	abstract = {The DIM2SEA research project aims to increase urban resilience to large-scale disasters. We are engaged in developing a prototype Dynamic Integrated Model for Disaster Management and Socioeconomic Analysis (DIM2SEA) that will give disaster officials, stakeholders, urban engineers and planners an analytic tool for mitigating some of the worst excesses of catastrophic events. This is achieved by harnessing state-of-the-art developments in damage assessment, spatial simulation modeling, and Geographic Information System (GIS). At the heart of DIM2SEA is an agent-based model combined with post-disaster damage assessment and socioeconomic impact models. The large amounts of simulated spatial and temporal data generated by the agent-based models are fused with the socioeconomic profiles of the target population to generate a multidimensional database of inherently {\textquotedblleft}synthetic{\textquotedblright} big data. Progress in the following areas is reported here: (1) Synthetic population generation from census tract data into agent profiling and spatial allocation, (2) developing scenarios of building damage due to earthquakes and tsunamis, (3) building debris scattering estimation and road network disruption, (4) logistics regarding post-disaster relief distribution, (5) the labor market in post-disaster urban dynamics, and (6) household insurance behavior as a reflection of urban resilience.},
	url = {https://www.fujipress.jp/jdr/dr/dsstr001300071257/},
	author = {Erick MAS and Felsenstein, Daniel and Luis MOYA and Grinberger, Asher Y. and Rubel Das and Shunichi KOSHIMURA}
}
@article {22047,
	title = {Introduction to SI: Modeling urban resilience to disasters},
	journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {602-603},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420918307957},
	author = {Felsenstein, Daniel and Erick MAS}
}
@article {22024,
	title = {Modeling the labor market in the aftermath of a disaster: Two perspectives},
	journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {419-434},
	abstract = {This paper presents two opposite perspectives on the labor market in the aftermath of a disaster. The first posits a production sector that is non-tradeable and a labor market with total mobility. This is modeled using agent based simulation. The second presents a production sector that is fully tradeable and a labor market that is perfectly immobile. This is modeled using traditional micro-economic modeling and numerical simulation. Outcomes from the two approaches are compared. In the no-disaster case, participation rates and wages under both approaches settle down to a low-level equilibrium albeit at different rates. In the case of a disaster, outcomes are very different. Under the agent based model labor market mobility results in solutions being found outside the area. In the micro-economic approach workers absorb the recovery process within the area readjusting their demand for labor. When population movement is introduced the system reorganizes at a new equilibrium. The results highlight first, the importance of labor mobility and flexibility and second, the divergent absorption costs in determining the long-term outcomes of a disaster.},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420918306514},
	author = {A.Yair Grinberger and Peleg Samuels}
}
@article {22023,
	title = {Disaster preparedness for better response: Logistics perspectives},
	journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {153-159},
	abstract = {\&nbsp;Disaster occurs frequently around the world and is no more considered an isolated event. Thus, disaster management has become a hot issue in urban development and human security. However, selecting suitable measures in disaster preparedness is a complex task. Some mitigation measures, which include making dams and updating building codes, prove ineffective and can themselves become a source of added vulnerability. Therefore, the importance of preparedness cannot be ignored, and the relief distribution aspect needs to be appraised as a measure of disaster preparedness. This study integrates disaster preparedness and response. Many parameters cannot be known before a disaster, while relief demand is a key parameter in disaster preparedness modelling. A decision maker needs to identify the properties of relief demand. Seven influencing factors of relief demand are identified. Then, a facility location model is proposed, and the model results are analysed. The results show that the hub-and-spoke distribution system brings higher social benefits.\&nbsp;\&nbsp;},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420918305806},
	author = {Rubel Das}
}
@article {22022,
	title = {Synthetic building damage scenarios using empirical fragility functions: A case study of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake},
	journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {76-84},
	abstract = {A methodology to create synthetic earthquake-induced building damage states for urban areas in Japan under specific earthquake events is presented in this paper. The methodology is based on empirical fragility curves for Japanese buildings, the building database of the study area and the strong motion magnitude spatial distribution. A stochastic approach was then used to allocate damage states to buildings. The synthetic building damage scenario is intended to be used as a platform for performing computational simulations of evacuation and relief distribution under multiple damage scenarios. The methodology is applied to an area within Mashiki town, Kumamoto Prefecture, which was affected by the Mw 7.0 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. The comparison of the synthetic buildings damage scenario with the surveyed data inventory shows good agreement in terms of the aggregate statistics.},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420918304886},
	author = {Luis MOYA and Erick MAS and Shunichi KOSHIMURA and Fumio Yamazaki}
}
@article {22021,
	title = {Household insurance expenditure as an indicator of urban resilience},
	journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {102-111},
	abstract = {Demand for household insurance is intuitively perceived as contributing to household and community resilience. However the causality in this relationship is not clear. This paper examines household insurance expenditure and the generation of urban resilience as jointly determined. Potential endogeneity is purged by estimating this relationship as a system and using an instrumental variable approach. Empirical analysis based on aggregated Israeli household expenditure data is used. Results show that instrumenting makes a difference, that a distinction needs to be drawn between personal resilience and environmental resilience and that insurance coverage has an independent effect on resilience different to that of classic social (personal) and economic (property and place-based) characteristics. The policy context of the findings are discussed.},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221242091830459X},
	author = {Felsenstein, Daniel and Masha Vernik and Yael Israeli}
}
@article {22020,
	title = {An integrated method to extract collapsed buildings from satellite imagery, hazard distribution and fragility curves},
	journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {Remote sensing satellite imagery plays an important role in estimating collapsed buildings in the aftermath of a large-scale disaster. However, some previous methodologies are restricted to using specific radar sensors. Others methods, such as machine learning algorithms, require training data, which are extremely difficult to obtain immediately after a disaster. This paper proposes a novel method to extract collapsed buildings based on the integration of satellite imagery, the spatial distribution of a demand parameter, fragility functions, and a geospatial building inventory. The proposed method is applicable regardless of the type of radar sensor and does not require any training data. The method was applied to extract buildings that collapsed during the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami. The results showed that the proposed method is effective and consistent with the surveyed building damage data.},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420918304047},
	author = {Luis MOYA and Erick MAS and Bruno Adriano and Shunichi KOSHIMURA and Fumio Yamazaki and Wen Liu}
}
@article {21442,
	title = {Novel Unsupervised Classification of Collapsed Buildings Using Satellite Imagery, Hazard Scenarios and Fragility Functions},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {296},
	abstract = {Although supervised machine learning classification techniques have been successfully applied to detect collapsed buildings, there is still a major problem that few publications have addressed. The success of supervised machine learning strongly depends on the availability of training samples. Unfortunately, in the aftermath of a large-scale disaster, training samples become available only after several weeks or even months. However, following a disaster, information on the damage situation is one of the most important necessities for rapid search-and-rescue efforts and relief distribution. In this paper, a modification of the supervised machine learning classification technique called logistic regression is presented. Here, the training samples are replaced with probabilistic information, which is calculated from the spatial distribution of the hazard under consideration and one or more fragility functions. Such damage probabilities can be collected almost in real time for specific disasters such as earthquakes and/or tsunamis. We present the application of the proposed method to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami for collapsed building detection. The results show good agreement with a field survey performed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, with an overall accuracy of over 80\%. Thus, the proposed method can significantly contribute to a rapid estimation of the number and locations of collapsed buildings.},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/296},
	author = {Luis MOYA and Luis R. Marval Perez and Erick MAS and Bruno Adriano and Shunichi KOSHIMURA and Fumio Yamazaki}
}
@article {21448,
	title = {Evaluation of Tsunami Fragility Curves for Building Damage Level Allocation},
	journal = {Research Report of Tsunami Engineering},
	volume = {34 },
	year = {2017},
	pages = {33-41 },
	abstract = {This paper discusses the applicability of tsunami fragility curves to estimate the damage of buildings due to tsunami. Tsunami fragility curves have been developed empirically out of the damage data obtained from large scale tsunami disasters (Koshimura et al., 2009; Mas et al., 2012a; Suppasri et al., 2011, 2013). Fragility curves can provide an overall idea of the impact of a tsunami event, however, for disaster mitigation purposes a desired application for these curves is the assessment of possible future damage due to tsunami. Thus, this report aims on evaluating the applicability of tsunami fragility curves for building damage estimation. Our hypothesis is that a building damage estimation due to tsunami performed with fragility curves developed in the same location and urban characteristics (i.e. building type, layout, topography, etc.) should provide a high accuracy. This is expected since the data (event and buildings) used to develop the fragility curve contains the sample use for the evaluation.\&nbsp;},
	url = {http://www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/hokusai3/J/publications/pdf2/vol.34_3.pdf},
	author = {Luis MOYA and Erick MAS and Shunichi KOSHIMURA}
}
@article {21444,
	title = {A Framework of Rapid Regional Tsunami Damage Recognition From Post-event TerraSAR-X Imagery Using Deep Neural Networks},
	journal = {IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {43 - 47},
	abstract = {Near real-time building damage mapping is an indispensable prerequisite for governments to make decisions for disaster relief. With high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, such as TerraSAR-X, the provision of such products in a fast and effective way becomes possible. In this letter, a deep learning-based framework for rapid regional tsunami damage recognition using post-event SAR imagery is proposed. To perform such a rapid damage mapping, a series of tile-based image split analysis is employed to generate the data set. Next, a selection algorithm with the SqueezeNet network is developed to swiftly distinguish between built-up (BU) and nonbuilt-up regions. Finally, a recognition algorithm with a modified wide residual network is developed to classify the BU regions into wash away, collapsed, and slightly damaged regions. Experiments performed on the TerraSAR-X data from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan show a BU region extraction accuracy of 80.4\% and a damage-level recognition accuracy of 74.8\%, respectively. Our framework takes around 2 h to train on a new region, and only several minutes for prediction.},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8126255/},
	author = {Yanbing Bai and Chang Gao and Sameer Singh and Magaly Koch and Bruno Adriano and Erick MAS and Shunichi KOSHIMURA}
}
@article {21443,
	title = {Building Damage Assessment in the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake Using Only Post-Event Dual Polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery},
	journal = {Earthquake Spectra},
	volume = {33},
	number = {S1},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {S185-S195},
	abstract = {This paper takes the 2015 Nepal earthquake as a case study to explore the use of post-event dual polarimetric synthetic aperture radar images for earthquake damage assessment. The radar scattering characteristics of damaged and undamaged urban areas were compared by using polarimetric features derived from PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1 images, and the results showed that distinguishing between damaged and undamaged urban areas with a single polarimetric feature is challenging. A split-based image analysis, feature selection, and supervised classification were employed on a PALSAR-2 image. The texture features derived from the intensity of cross-polarization show higher correlations with the damage class. Additionally, feature selection revealed a positive influence on the overall performance. Employing 70\% of the data for training and 30\% data for testing, the support vector machine classifier achieved an accuracy of 80.5\% compared with the reference data generated from the damage map that was provided by the United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme.},
	url = {http://earthquakespectra.org/doi/abs/10.1193/121516EQS232M?code=eeri-site},
	author = {Yanbing Bai and Bruno Adriano and Erick MAS and Shunichi KOSHIMURA}
}
@article {16006,
	title = {Calculation of coseismic displacement from Lidar data in the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake},
	journal = {Natural Hazard and Earth System Sciences},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {143-156},
	abstract = {The spatial distribution of the coseismic displacements that occurred along the Futagawa fault during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake of M\&lt;sub\&gt;w\&lt;/sub\&gt;\&nbsp;7.0 was estimated using airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) data. In this study, a pair of digital surface models (DSMs) obtained from the high-density lidar data before and after the mainshock on 16\&nbsp;April\&nbsp;2016 were used. A window matching search approach based on the correlation coefficient between the two DSMs was used to estimate the geodetic displacement in the near-field region. The results showed good agreements with the geodetic displacements calculated from strong-motion acceleration records and coincided with the fault line surveyed by the Geological Survey of Japan.},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1863341114/fulltextPDF/6FAD67DB217C4C44PQ/1?accountid=14546},
	author = {Luis MOYA and Fumio Yamazaki and Wen Liu and Tatsuro Chiba}
}
@article {16007,
	title = {Possible Failure Mechanism of Buildings Overturned during the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami in the Town of Onagawa},
	journal = {Frontiers in Built Environment},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Six buildings were overturned in the town of Onagawa during the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. This study investigates the possible failure mechanisms of building overturning during tsunami flow. The tsunami inundation depth and flow velocity at each overturned building were recalculated by using a tsunami numerical simulation and verified using a recorded video. The overturning moment is a result of hydrodynamic and buoyancy forces, whereas the resisting moment is a result of building self-weight and pile resistance force. This study aimed to demonstrate that the building foundation design is critical for preventing buildings from overturning. The analysis results suggest that buoyancy force can generate a larger overturning moment than hydrodynamic force and the failure of a pile foundation could occur during both ground shaking and tsunami flow. For the pile foundation, pile resistance force plays a significant role due to both tension and shear capacities at the pile head and skin friction capacity between the pile and soil, which can be calculated from 18 soil boring data in Onagawa using a conventional method in the AIJ standards. In addition, soil liquefaction can reduce skin friction capacity between the pile and soil resulting in a decrease of the resisting moment from pile resistance force.},
	author = {Latcharote, P. and Suppasri, A. and A. Yamashita and Adriano, B. and Shunichi KOSHIMURA and Y. Kai and Imamura, F.}
}
@inbook {13822,
	title = {A Tale of Two Earthquakes: Dynamic Agent-Based Simulation of Urban Resilience},
	booktitle = {Lombard G.,Stern E. and Clarke G. (eds). Applied Spatial Modeling and Planning},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {134-154},
	publisher = {Taylor and Francis},
	organization = {Taylor and Francis},
	url = {https://books.google.co.il/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=zRgxDQAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PT155\&dq=\%E2\%80\%9CA+Tale+of+Two+Earthquakes:+Dynamic+Agent-Based+Simulation+of+Urban+Resilience\&ots=Zwi2ITTl5Y\&sig=HjHHenMgAEu747X-lOZW7X7Tcio\&redir_esc=y$\#$v=onepage\&q=\%E2\%80\%9CA\%20Tale\%2},
	author = {Grinberger, A.Y. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
@article {16008,
	title = {Establishing the Advanced Disaster Reduction Management System by Fusion of Real-Time Disaster Simulation and Big Data Assimilation},
	journal = {Journal of Disaster Research},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {164-174},
	abstract = {A project titled {\textquotedblleft}Establishing the advanced disaster reduction management system by fusion of real-time disaster simulation and big data assimilation,{\textquotedblright} was launched as Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). Intended to save as many lives as possible in future national crises involving earthquake and tsunami disasters, the project works on a disaster mitigation system of the big data era, based on cooperation of large-scale, high-resolution, real-time numerical simulations and assimilation of real-time observation data. The world{\textquoteright}s most advanced specialists in disaster simulation, disaster management, mathematical science, and information science work together to create the world{\textquoteright}s first analysis platform for real-time simulation and big data that effectively processes, analyzes, and assimilates data obtained through various observations. Based on quantitative data, the platform designs proactive measures and supports disaster operations immediately after disaster occurrence. The project was launched in 2014 and is working on the following issues at present.Sophistication and fusion of simulations and damage prediction models using observational big data: Development of a real-time simulation core system that predicts the time evolution of disaster effect by assimilating of location information, fire information, and building collapse information which are obtained from mobile terminals, satellite images, aerial images, and other new observation data in addition to sensing data obtained by the undersea high-density seismic observation network.Latent structure analysis and major disaster scenario creation based on a huge amount of simulation results: Development of an analysis and extraction method for the latent structure of a huge amount of disaster scenarios generated by simulation, and creation of severe scenarios with minimum {\textquotedblleft}unexpectedness{\textquotedblright} by controlling disaster scenario explosion (an explosive increase in the number of predicted scenarios).Establishment of an earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation big data analysis platform: Development of an earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation big data analysis platform that realizes analyses of a huge number of disaster scenarios and increases in speed of data assimilation, and clarifies the requirements for operation of the platform as a disaster mitigation system.The project was launched in 2014 as a 5-year project. It consists of element technology development and system fusion, feasibility study as a next-generation disaster mitigation system (validation with/without introduction of the developed real-time simulation and big data analysis platform) in the affected areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake, and test operations in affected areas of the Tokyo metropolitan earthquake and the Nankai Trough earthquake.},
	url = {https://www.fujipress.jp/jdr/dr/dsstr001100020164/},
	author = {Shunichi KOSHIMURA}
}
@article {16009,
	title = {Understanding the Extreme Tsunami Inundation in Onagawa Town by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, Its Effects in Urban Structures and Coastal Facilities},
	journal = {Coastal Engineering Journal},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1640013},
	abstract = {The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami is considered to be one of the most tragic events in Japan{\textquoteright}s disaster history, and represents an important milestone for the research community regarding the investigation of the characteristics of tsunami inundation. A thorough analysis of tsunami inundation was conducted using numerical modeling, and measurements from a video recorded from the rooftop of a building in Onagawa in Miyagi Prefecture. In this study, we analyze the destruction of buildings using numerical simulations and tsunami fragility functions. Numerical results for the locations at which the tsunami eyewitness video was recorded are compared with measurements. In addition, we considered the effect of the breakwater in Onagawa bay to evaluate its contribution to reducing overland tsunami inundation depths. The results of our simulations show that the maximum inundation depth due to the first incoming wave was over 16 m, and over 500 buildings were washed away with this first wave. This result is consistent with the video data. Further, we found that the breakwater, which was not originally designed against tsunami waves, reduced the maximum tsunami inundation depth at least by 2.0 m in Onagawa town.},
	url = {http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S0578563416400131},
	author = {Bruno Adriano and Satomi Hayashi and Hideomi Gokon and Erick MAS and Shunichi KOSHIMURA}
}
@inbook {13821,
	title = {Dynamic Agent Based Simulation of an Urban Disaster using Synthetic Big Data},
	booktitle = {Thakuria P, Tilahun N and Zellner M (eds) Seeing Cities Through Big Data: Research, Methods and Applications in Urban Informatics},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Heidelberg},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40902-3_20},
	author = {Grinberger, A.Y. and Lichter, M. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
@article {9669,
	title = {Dynamic Agent Based Simulation of Welfare Effects of Urban Disasters},
	journal = {Computers, Environment and Urban Systems},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {129-141},
	abstract = {An agent based model for assessing the welfare impacts of urban disasters is presented. This couples a population allocation algorithm with a simulation platform. The fully articulated model fuses both bottom-up (locational choice for workplace, residence and daily activities) and top-down (land use and housing price) protocols. This study moves beyond current research by addressing economic welfare consequences of urban disasters. The resilience capabilities of different income groups are identified. This is illustrated for the Jerusalem central business district. Empirical results at the micro-scale suggest that physical destruction leads to a zero-sum game within the housing market in which wealthier residents hold an advantage over the poor. This results in the transformation of neighborhoods and displacement of poor and vulnerable populations. Low income groups lose both physical ground and the social support systems that go with location. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0198971516300862},
	author = {Grinberger, A.Y. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
@article {10060,
	title = {Response to The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society: A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {373},
	number = {2053},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {We revisited the lessons of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami disaster specifically on the response and impact, and discussed the paradigm shift of Japan{\textquoteright}s tsunami disaster management policies and the perspectives for reconstruction. Revisiting the modern histories of Tohoku tsunami disasters and pre-2011 tsunami countermeasures, we clarified how Japan{\textquoteright}s coastal communities have prepared for tsunamis. The discussion mainly focuses on structural measures such as seawalls and breakwaters and non-structural measures of hazard map and evacuation. The responses to the 2011 event are discussed specifically on the tsunami warning system and efforts to identify the tsunami impacts. The nation-wide post-tsunami survey results shed light on the mechanisms of structural destruction, tsunami loads and structural vulnerability to inform structural rehabilitation measures and land-use planning. Remarkable paradigm shifts in designing coastal protection and disaster mitigation measures were introduced, leading with a new concept of potential tsunami levels: Prevention (Level 1) and Mitigation (Level 2) levels according to the level of {\textquoteleft}protection{\textquoteright}. The seawall is designed with reference to Level 1 tsunami scenario, while comprehensive disaster management measures should refer to Level 2 tsunami for protection of human lives and reducing potential losses and damage. Throughout the case study in Sendai city, the proposed reconstruction plan was evaluated from the tsunami engineering point of view to discuss how the post 2011 paradigm was implemented in coastal communities for future disaster mitigation. The analysis revealed that Sendai city{\textquoteright}s multiple protection measures for Level 2 tsunami will contribute to a substantial reduction of the tsunami inundation zone and potential losses, combined with an effective tsunami evacuation plan.},
	url = {http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/373/2053/20140373},
	author = {Koshimura, S. and Shuto, N.}
}
@article {9824,
	title = {Recent Advances in Agent-Based Tsunami Evacuation Simulations: Case Studies in Indonesia, Thailand, Japan and Peru},
	journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics},
	volume = {172},
	number = {12},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3409-3424},
	abstract = {As confirmed by the extreme tsunami events over the last decade (the 2004 Indian Ocean, 2010 Chile and 2011 Japan tsunami events), mitigation measures and effective evacuation planning are needed to reduce disaster risks. Modeling tsunami evacuations is an alternative means to analyze evacuation plans and possible scenarios of evacuees{\textquoteright} behaviors. In this paper, practical applications of an agent-based tsunami evacuation model are presented to demonstrate the contributions that agent-based modeling has added to tsunami evacuation simulations and tsunami mitigation efforts. A brief review of previous agent-based evacuation models in the literature is given to highlight recent progress in agent-based methods. Finally, challenges are noted for bridging gaps between geoscience and social science within the agent-based approach for modeling tsunami evacuations.},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-015-1105-y},
	author = {Mas, E. and Koshimura, S. and Imamura, F. and Suppasri, A. and Muhari, A. and Adriano, B.}
}
@article {9670,
	title = {Simulating and Communicating Outcomes in Disaster Management Situations},
	journal = {International Journal of Geo-Information},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1827-1847},
	abstract = {An important, but overlooked component of disaster managment is raising the awareness and preparedness of potential stakeholders. We show how recent advances in agent-based modeling and geo-information analytics can be combined to this effect. Using a dynamic simulation model, we estimate the long run outcomes of two very different urban disasters with severe consequences: an earthquake and a missile attack. These differ in terms of duration, intensity, permanence, and focal points. These hypothetical shocks are simulated for the downtown area of Jerusalem. Outcomes are compared in terms of their potential for disaster mitigation. The spatial and temporal dynamics of the simulation yield rich outputs. Web-based mapping is used to visualize these results and communicate risk to policy makers, planners, and the informed public. The components and design of this application are described. Implications for participatory disaster management and planning are discussed.},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/4/1827/htm},
	author = {Lichter, M. and Grinberger, A.Y. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
@inbook {9672,
	title = {Simulating Urban Resilience: Disasters, Dynamics and (Synthetic) Data.},
	booktitle = {Geertman, S., Ferreira, J., Goodspeed, R., Stillwell, J. (Series and Vol. Ed.). Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography: Vol.1. Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {99-119},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	edition = {1},
	address = {Switzerland},
	abstract = {An agent based (AB) simulation model of urban dynamics following a disaster is presented. Data disaggregation is used to generate {\textquoteleft}synthetic{\textquoteright} data with accurate socio-economic profiling. Entire synthetic populations are extrapolated at the building scale from survey data. This data is coupled with the AB model. The disaggregated baseline population allows for the bottom-up formulation of the behavior of an entire urban system. Agent interactions with each other and with the environment lead to change in residence and workplace, land use and house prices. The case of a hypothetical earthquake in the Jerusalem CBD is presented as an illustrative example. Dynamics are simulated for a period up to 3\&nbsp;years, post-disaster. Outcomes are measured in terms of global resilience measures, effects on residential and non-residential capital stock and population dynamics. The visualization of the complex outputs is illustrated using dynamic web-mapping.},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-18368-8_6},
	author = {Grinberger, A.Y. and Lichter, M. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
@article {10061,
	title = {An Agent-Based Model for Resource Allocation During Relief Distribution},
	journal = {Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {265-285},
	abstract = {Purpose{\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for allocating resources in various zones after a large-scale disaster. This study is motivated by the social dissatisfaction caused by inefficient relief distribution.\&nbsp;Design/methodology/approach{\textendash} This study introduces an agent-based model (ABM) framework for integrating stakeholders{\textquoteright} interests. The proposed model uses the TOPSIS method to create a hierarchy of demand points for qualitative and quantitative parameters. A decomposition algorithm has been proposed to solve fleet allocation.\&nbsp;Findings{\textendash} Relief distribution based on the urgency of demand points increases social benefit. A decomposition approach generates higher social benefit than the enumeration approach. The transportation cost is lower in the enumeration approach.\&nbsp;Research limitations/implications{\textendash} This study does not consider fleet contracts explicitly, but rather assumes a linear cost function for computing transportation costs.\&nbsp;Practical implications{\textendash} The outcomes of this study can be a valuable tool for relief distribution planning. This model may also help reduce the social dissatisfaction caused by ad hoc relief distribution.Originality/value{\textendash} This study introduces an ABM for humanitarian logistics, proposes a decomposition approach, and explores the ontology of stakeholders of humanitarian logistics specific to last-mile distribution.},
	url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JHLSCM-07-2013-0023},
	author = {Das, R. and Hanaoka, S.}
}
@article {10058,
	title = {Identifying Evacuees{\textquoteright} Demand of Tsunami Shelters Using Agent Based Simulation. In Y.A. Kontar, V. Santiago-Fandino, \&amp; T. Takahashi (Eds.), Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned},
	journal = {Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {347-358},
	abstract = {In plain areas prone to tsunami, finding a way to shelter and escape from the inundation becomes a difficult task for residents. The 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami has shown that the horizontal evacuation using cars can compromise the safety of people. Another alternative is the vertical evacuation. In many cases, not only the capacity of these shelters plays an important role, but the spatial distribution and the evacuee preference for the nearest shelter. Such preference and location creates a conflict between capacity offer and demand. In this paper, we used an agent based model to simulate the evacuation of pedestrians and cars in La Punta, Peru. Twenty designated buildings for vertical evacuation are available for sheltering and escape from tsunami. The stochastic simulation of population spatial distribution and their refuge preferences revealed the over demand of some shelters. Finally, a capacity-demand map was created to share results with local authorities as a first step for future countermeasures in the district.},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007\%2F978-94-007-7269-4_19},
	author = {Mas, E. and Adriano, B. and Koshimura, S. and Imamura, F. and Kuroiwa, J.H. and Yamazaki, F. and Zavala, C. and Estrada, M.}
}
@article {9673,
	title = {Bouncing Back or Bouncing Forward? Simulating Urban Resilience},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning},
	volume = {167},
	number = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {115-124},
	abstract = {While the direct physical effects of an urban catastrophe are relatively straightforward to assess, indirect and long-term impact on the urban system is more circumspect. A large-scale shock such as an earthquake derails the complex urban system from its equilibrium path onto an unknown trajectory. Consequently, assessing the effect of policy intervention that aims to mitigate this shock and increase urban resilience is fraught with complexity. This paper presents the implementation of dynamic agent-based simulation to test long-run effects of a hypothetical earthquake in Jerusalem, Israel. It focuses on investigating the effectiveness of policy choices aimed at restoring the urban equilibrium. Cities are found to have a self-organising market-based mechanism that strives to attain a new equilibrium. They therefore may not always bounce back {\textendash} they may also bounce forward. Decision-makers, engineers, emergency and urban planners need to be cognizant of this tendency when designing policy interventions. Otherwise, well-intentioned efforts may inhibit urban rejuvenation and delay the onset of city recovery.},
	url = {http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/udap.13.00021},
	author = {Grinberger, A.Y. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
@article {9675,
	title = {Coastal Communities Under Threat: Comparing Property and Social Exposure},
	journal = {Geography Research Forum},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {We examine the threat to coastal communities from sea level rise and extreme flooding. A distinction is drawn between the exposure of the physical property base of a community and its social composition. We investigate whether any correspondence exists between these two dimensions of vulnerability and whether it holds for both small and large communities. Flood scenarios along the Israeli coast are defined and we\&nbsp; look at the resultant property and exposure patterns in communities at different flooding increments. Results are presented for three select inundation increments. Using comparative and graphic methods, we analyze exposure rankings for different communities and property and social exposure at the intra-urban level. We use break point analysis to trace the evolution of community exposure at different flooding increments. We conclude with some cautionary policy implications with respect to opportunities for change in highly exposed communities in the wake of extreme flooding.},
	url = {http://raphael.geography.ad.bgu.ac.il/ojs/index.php/GRF/article/view/424},
	author = {Lichter, M. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
@article {9674,
	title = {Social and Economic Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Sea-Level Rise and Extreme Flooding},
	journal = {Natural Hazards},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {463-491},
	abstract = {This paper assesses the socioeconomic consequences of extreme coastal flooding events. Wealth and income impacts associated with different social groups in coastal communities in Israel are estimated. A range of coastal flood hazard zones based on different scenarios are identified. These are superimposed on a composite social vulnerability index to highlight the spatial variation in the\&nbsp;socioeconomic structure of those areas exposed to flooding. Economic vulnerability is captured by the exposure of wealth and income. For the former, we correlate the distribution of housing stock at risk with the socioeconomic characteristics of threatened populations. We also estimate the value of residential assets exposed under the different scenarios. For the latter, we calculate the observed change in income distribution of the population under threat of inundation. We interpret the change in income distribution as an indicator of recovery potential.},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-013-0929-y},
	author = {Felsenstein, D. and Lichter, M.}
}
@article {9823,
	title = {Robust Network Design with Supply and Demand Uncertainties in Humanitarian Logistics},
	journal = {Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {954-969},
	abstract = {Humanitarian logistics has gain attention as an important tool in disaster management. We propose a network design for relief distribution under several uncertain parameters based on robust optimization. The model has the solution robustness and model robustness properties. Furthermore, we present a methodology to reduce the number of variables when an equality constraint and objective function contain same variables. Our model attempts to minimize total cost of the system as well as the variance of total cost. We examine a case study on the earthquake scenarios in Bangladesh to show the applicability of the model. Our findings show that the model is robust in relief distribution planning. We analyze sensitivity of several parameters and compare several models to show the superiority of stochastic model.},
	url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/10/0/10_954/_article},
	author = {Das, R. and Hanaoka, S.}
}
@article {9825,
	title = {Building Damage Characteristics Based on Surveyed Data and Fragility Curves of the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami},
	journal = {Natural Hazards},
	volume = {66},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {319-341},
	abstract = {A large amount of buildings was damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Numerous field surveys were conducted in order to collect the tsunami inundation extents and building damage data in the affected areas. Therefore, this event provides us with one of the most complete data set among tsunami events in history. In this study, fragility functions are derived using data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan, with more than 250,000 structures surveyed. The set of data has details on damage level, structural material, number of stories per building and location (town). This information is crucial to the understanding of the causes of building damage, as differences in structural characteristics and building location can be taken into account in the damage probability analysis. Using least squares regression, different sets of fragility curves are derived to demonstrate the influence of structural material, number of stories and coastal topography on building damage levels. The results show a better resistant performance of reinforced concrete and steel buildings over wood or masonry buildings. Also, buildings taller than two stories were confirmed to be much stronger than the buildings of one or two stories. The damage characteristic due to the coastal topography based on limited number of data in town locations is also shortly discussed here. At the same tsunami inundation depth, buildings along the Sanriku ria coast were much greater damaged than buildings from the plain coast in Sendai. The difference in damage states can be explained by the faster flow velocities in the ria coast at the same inundation depth. These findings are key to support better future building damage assessments, land use management and disaster planning.},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-012-0487-8\%20/fulltext.html},
	author = {Suppasri, A. and Mas, E. and Charvet, I. and Gunasekera, R. and Imai, K. and Fukutani, Y. and Abe, Y. and Imamura, F.}
}
@article {9826,
	title = {An Integrated Simulation of Tsunami Hazard and Human Evacuation in La Punta, Peru},
	journal = {Journal of Disaster Research},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {285-295},
	abstract = {The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami was a magnitude 9.0 Mw event that destroyed most structural tsunami countermeasures. However, approximately 90\% of the estimated population at risk from the tsunami survived due to a rapid evacuation to higher ground or inland. Thus, tsunami evacuation is the most effective measure to reduce casualties. In this paper, we applied a new developed evacuation model integrated with the numerical simulation of tsunami for casualty estimation. This tool is to support decisions in disaster management and disaster prevention education. The model was developed in NetLogo, a multi-agent programming language and modeling environment for simulating complex phenomena. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) datasets are used as spatial input information for road and shelter locations. The TUNAMI model of Tohoku University is used for the integration of tsunami numerical simulation results. In this paper, the study is performed in a tsunami threatened urban area of Callao, Peru, called La Punta. Results show the various contributions of the model to disaster management and scenario analysis. Among the contributions are the casualty estimation in a tsunami risk area and the analysis of the spatial distribution of vertical evacuation shelters.},
	url = {https://www.fujipress.jp/jdr/dr/dsstr000800020285/},
	author = {Mas, E. and Adriano, B. and Koshimura, S.}
}
@article {9676,
	title = {Agent-Based Simulation of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake/Tsunami Evacuation: An Integrated Model of Tsunami Inundation and Evacuation},
	journal = {Journal of Natural Disaster Science},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {41-57},
	abstract = {The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake/Tsunami was a magnitude 9.0 Mw event that destroyed most structural tsunami countermeasures. However, approximately 90\% of the estimated population at risk from the tsunami survived due to rapid evacuation to higher ground or inland. In this paper, we introduce an evacuation model integrated with a numerical simulation of a tsunami and a casualty estimation evaluation. The model was developed in Netlogo, a multi-agent programming language and modeling environment for simulating complex phenomena. GIS data are used as spatial input information for road and shelter locations. Tsunami departure curves are used as the start time for agents deciding to evacuate in the model. Pedestrians and car drivers decide their own goals and search for a suitable route through algorithms that are also used in the video game and artificial intelligence fields. Bottleneck identification, shelter demand, and casualty estimation are some of the applications of the simulator. A case study of the model is presented for the village of Arahama in the Sendai plain area of Miyagi Prefecture in Japan. A stochastic simulation with 1,000 repetitions of evacuation resulted in a mean of 82.1\% (SD=3.0\%) of the population evacuated, including a total average of 498 agents evacuating to a multi-story shelter. The results agree with the reported outcome of 90\% evacuation and 520 sheltered evacuees in the event. The proposed model shows the capability of exploring individual parameters and outcomes. The model allows observation of the behavior of individuals in the complex process of tsunami evacuation. This tool is important for the future evaluation of evacuation feasibility and shelter demand analysis.},
	url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnds/34/1/34_41/_article/-char/ja/},
	author = {Mas, E. and Suppasri, A. and Imamura, F. and Koshimura, S.}
}
@article {9677,
	title = {Assessing the Costs of Sea-Level Rise and Extreme Flooding at the Local Level: A GIS-based Approach},
	journal = {Ocean and Coastal Management},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {47-62},
	abstract = {This paper presents a systematic framework for assessing the costs of sea-level rise (SLR) and extreme flooding at the local level. The method is generic and transferable. It is built on coupling readily available GIS capabilities with quantitative estimates of the effects of natural hazards. This allows for the ex ante monetization of the main costs related to different scenarios of permanent inundation and periodic flooding. This approach can be used by coastal zone planners to generate vital information on land use, capital stock and population at risk for jurisdictions of different sizes. The simple mechanics of the method are presented with respect to two examples: one relates to the two largest coastal cities in Israel (Tel Aviv and Haifa) and the other to the Northern Coastal Strip region containing a variety of small towns and rural communities. The paper concludes with implications for coastal zone planning praxis.},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569111002249},
	author = {Lichter, M. and Felsenstein, D.}
}
